Heterogeneous networks refer to wireless communication networks that are composed of multiple different types of access technologies and nodes, such as WiFi, cellular, and satellite networks. These networks have gained increasing popularity due to their ability to improve coverage, capacity, and connectivity in various environments. Heterogeneous networks are characterized by their diverse range of devices, protocols, and network architectures, which can present challenges in terms of network management, resource allocation, and interference mitigation. However, these networks also offer numerous benefits, such as enhanced reliability, scalability, and flexibility. Research in the field of heterogeneous networks focuses on developing efficient algorithms, protocols, and architectures to optimize network performance, enhance connectivity, and provide seamless handover between different access technologies. Key research areas include resource allocation, traffic management, mobility management, and interference mitigation in heterogeneous networks.